Introduction: Genotoxicity and mutagenicity analyses have a significant role in the
identification of hazard effects of therapeutic drugs, cosmetics, agrochemicals, industrial …

The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to
evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the …

Systemic toxicity testing forms the cornerstone for the safety evaluation of substances.
Pressures to move from traditional animal models to novel technologies arise from various …

In the current paper, a new strategy for risk assessment of nanomaterials is described, which
builds upon previous project outcomes and is developed within the FP7 NANoREG project …

The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in
Research (NC3Rs) is an independent scientific organization that is based in the United …

Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in
somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic …

Historically, identifying carcinogens has relied primarily on tumor studies in rodents, which
require enormous resources in both money and time. In silico models have been developed …

Although regulatory requirements for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals vary according to
product sector and regulatory jurisdiction, the standard approach starts with a battery of …

Alternatives to animal testing have been developed mainly in the fields of toxicology and
vaccine testing. Typical examples are the evaluation of phototoxicity, eye irritation or skin …

Since most of the toxic studies of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) focused on acute and
high-dose exposure conditions, the aim of the present study was to fill the existing …