Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of
people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant ingredients are a series of crucial signaling
molecules in oxidative stress response. Under some pathological conditions such as …

Grafted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) yield neuroprotection in preclinical stroke models
by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). The neuroprotective cargo of EVs, however, has …

Aminoglycosides are toxic to sensory hair cells (HCs). Macroautophagy/autophagy is an
essential and highly conserved self-digestion pathway that plays important roles in the …

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the generation of oxidative stress are
considered critical factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disorder that is …

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a global cerebrovascular disease with high disability and
mortality, which has no effective therapy. Studies have demonstrated that astrocyte-derived …

Autophagy is a highly controlled lysosome-mediated function in eukaryotic cells to eliminate
damaged or aged long-lived proteins and organelles. It is required for restoring cellular …

Neurodegenerative disorders are significantly increasing in incidence as the age of the
global population continues to climb with improved life expectancy. At present, more than 30 …

Chronic (neuro) inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous
system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular …

Apelin-13 is a novel endogenous ligand for an angiotensin-like orphan G-protein coupled
receptor, and it may be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia injury. However, the …