A comprehensive review of zonal flow phenomena in plasmas is presented. While the
emphasis is on zonal flows in laboratory plasmas, planetary zonal flows are discussed as …

Geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) are ubiquitous oscillatory flow phenomena observed in
toroidal magnetic confinement fusion plasmas, such as tokamaks and stellarators. They are …

The present status of zonal flow experiments is reviewed with the historical process to attain
the concept of zonal flows, which provides a new framework for understanding turbulence …

This paper reviews measurements of edge plasma turbulence in toroidal magnetic fusion
devices with an emphasis on recent results in tokamaks. The dominant feature of edge …

This Letter presents experimental confirmation of the presence of zonal flows in magnetically
confined toroidal plasma using an advanced diagnostic system—dual heavy ion beam …

Zonal flows (ZFs) and associated geodesic oscillations are turbulence-generated time-
varying E r× BT rigid poloidal plasma flows with finite radial extent. They are of major interest …

The toroidal symmetry of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) zonal flows is identified with
toroidally distributed three step Langmuir probes at the edge of the HuanLiuqi-2A …

The present status of experiments on zonal flows in magnetic confinement experiments is
examined. The innovative use of traditional and modern diagnostics has revealed …

Long-wavelength turbulence increases dramatically in the outer regions of DIII-D plasmas
with the application of resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMPs) that suppress edge …

The instability of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) in tokamak turbulence is analysed. It
can be caused by dynamic shearing of the ambient turbulence by GAMs combined with the …