The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

The metabolically hostile tumour microenvironment imposes barriers to tumour-infiltrating
immune cells and impedes durable clinical remission following immunotherapy. Metabolic …

The balance of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing CD8+ T cells and regulatory T
(Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) determines the clinical efficacy of PD-1 …

The adoptive transfer of T cells that are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors
(CARs) has shown remarkable success in treating B cell malignancies but only limited …

The microenvironment in cancerous tissues is immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic,
whereas the microenvironment of tissues affected by chronic inflammatory disease is pro …

The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor
microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and …

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered crucial in anti-tumour immunity.
Accordingly, the presence of TILs contains prognostic and predictive value. In 2011, we …

Tumor cells must generate sufficient ATP and biosynthetic precursors in order to maintain
cell proliferation requirements. Otto Warburg showed that tumor cells uptake high amounts …

Multiple nanotherapeutics have been approved for patients with cancer, but their effects on
survival have been modest and, in some examples, less than those of other approved …

Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry techniques to enable the high-throughput
characterization of metabolites from cells, organs, tissues, or biofluids. The rapid growth in …