Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

Freezing is widely used as the main outcome measure for fear in animal studies. Freezing is
also getting attention more frequently in human stress research, as it is considered to play …

Research into the conditions that promote good animal welfare is essential to equip zoos
and aquariums with the knowledge to create environments in which animals thrive. In order …

Early-life stimulation (eg brief handling) attenuates the behavioral and neuroendocrine
responses to stressors encountered in adulthood, particularly with respect to activation of …

Although touch is one of the most neglected modalities of communication, several lines of
research bear on the important communicative functions served by the modality. The authors …

In examining how stress influences consumer saving and spending, the authors propose
that consumers who experience a stressful situation allocate their resources strategically to …

We compared the effects of handling or maternal separation from the day following birth until
postnatal day 14 on behavioral responses to novelty and on GABAA and central …

Handling stress is a well-recognised source of variation in animal studies that can also
compromise the welfare of research animals. To reduce background variation and maximise …

The Role of Life Events and HPA Axis in Anxiety Disorders: A Review Page 1 Current
Pharmaceutical Design, 2012, 18, 000-000 1 1381-6128/12 $58.00+.00 © 2012 Bentham …

Environmental enrichment (EE) was shown recently to accelerate brain development in
rodents. Increased levels of maternal care, and particularly tactile stimulation through licking …