Whole body exercise tolerance is the consummate example of integrative physiological
function among the metabolic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems …

Abstract Resting humans transport~ 100 quintillion (1018) oxygen (O2) molecules every
second to tissues for consumption. The final, short distance (< 50 µm) from capillary to the …

Objectives: Identify the parameters required to calculate the left ventricular ejection fraction.
Describe conditions associated with a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Recall the …

Responses to exercise at a given percentage of one's maximum rate of oxygen consumption
(V̇o2max), or percentage of the power associated with V̇o2max during a graded exercise …

Chronic anemia is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with heart failure (HF).
Restoring physiological hemoglobin (Hb) levels is essential to increase oxygen transport …

Traditionally, the evaluation of cardiac function has focused on systolic function; however,
there is a growing appreciation for the contribution of diastolic function to overall cardiac …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by pulmonary
vascular remodelling, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance. Key facets of dyspnoea and …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling,
respiratory muscle and cardiac impairments, and exercise intolerance. Specifically, impaired …

Key points Within skeletal muscle the greatest resistance to oxygen transport is thought to
reside across the short distance at the red blood cell–myocyte interface. These structures …

Ageing results in lower exercise tolerance, manifested as decreased critical power (CP). We
examined whether the age‐related decrease in CP occurs independently of changes in …