Although sex is a fundamental component of eukaryotic reproduction, the genetic systems
that control sex determination are highly variable. In many organisms the presence of sex …

Sex chromosomes can evolve once recombination is halted between a homologous pair of
chromosomes. Owing to detailed studies using key model systems, we have a nuanced …

Y chromosomes underlie sex determination in mammals, but their repeat-rich nature has
hampered sequencing and associated evolutionary studies. Here we trace Y evolution …

Genetic sex determination by W and Z chromosomes has developed independently in
different groups of organisms. To better understand the evolution of sex chromosomes and …

A substantial amount of phenotypic diversity results from changes in gene expression levels
and patterns. Understanding how the transcriptome evolves is therefore a key priority in …

The profound and pervasive differences in gene expression observed between males and
females, and the unique evolutionary properties of these genes in many species, have led to …

After birds diverged from mammals, different ancestral autosomes evolved into sex
chromosomes in each lineage. In birds, females are ZW and males are ZZ, but in mammals …

The profound differences in gene expression between the sexes are increasingly used to
study the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism, sexual selection and sexual conflict …

Establishing the links between phenotype and genotype is of great importance for resolving
key questions about the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of phenotypic …

Sex chromosomes often entail gene dose differences between the sexes, which if not
compensated for, lead to differences between males and females in the expression of sex …