Historically, the brainstem has been neglected as a part of the brain involved in language
processing. We review recent evidence of language-dependent effects in pitch processing …

This article is a review of the psychophysical study of pitch perception. The history of the
study of pitch has seen a continual competition between spectral and temporal theories of …

Neural representation of pitch is influenced by lifelong experiences with music and
language at both cortical and subcortical levels of processing. The aim of this article is to …

In the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), neurons transform information from auditory nerve
fibers into a set of parallel ascending pathways, each emphasizing different aspects of the …

Neural representation of pitch-relevant information at both the brainstem and cortical levels
of processing is influenced by language or music experience. However, the functional roles …

The pitch of harmonic complex tones plays an important role in speech and music
perception and the analysis of auditory scenes, yet traditional rate–place and temporal …

The cochlear nuclei are the first central processors of auditory information and provide
inputs to all the major brainstem and midbrain auditory nuclei. Although the local circuits …

The ability to detect and rapidly process harmonic sounds, which in nature are typical of
animal vocalizations and speech, can be critical for communication among conspecifics and …

Acoustically, pitch is related to the temporal regularity or periodicity of a sound. Perceptual
and electrophysiologic studies have revealed that pitch salience grows systematically with …

Temporal models of pitch and harmonic segregation call for delays of up to 30 ms to cover
the full range of existence of musical pitch. To date there is little anatomical or physiological …