In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Adrenal glucocorticoids are major modulators of multiple functions, including energy
metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cognition. The endogenous secretion of …

The transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes is an essential function of all
living organisms. The processes are usually mediated by specific transporters. One of the …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in working memory and self-regulatory and goal-
directed behaviors and displays remarkable structural and functional plasticity over the life …

Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of “nuclear” receptors
and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

In response to stress, the brain activates several neuropeptide-secreting systems. This
eventually leads to the release of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, which subsequently feed …

Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced
higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …