The heart is vital for biological function in almost all chordates, including humans. It beats
continually throughout our life, supplying the body with oxygen and nutrients while removing …

The sinoatrial node is perhaps one of the most important tissues in the entire body: it is the
natural pacemaker of the heart, making it responsible for initiating each-and-every normal …

How do neurons match generation of adenosine triphosphate by mitochondria to the
bioenergetic demands of regenerative activity? Although the subject of speculation, this …

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although
recent advances in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell …

Psychiatric disorders are mental, behavioral or emotional disorders. These conditions are
prevalent, one in four adults suffer from any type of psychiatric disorders world-wide. It has …

Sepsis has emerged as a global health burden associated with multiple organ dysfunction
and 20% mortality rate in patients. Numerous clinical studies over the past two decades …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) ions are a key second messenger involved in the rhythmic
excitation and contraction of cardiomyocytes throughout the heart. Proper function of Ca2+ …

Calcium is a highly positively charged ionic species. It regulates all cell types' functions and
is an important second messenger that controls and triggers several mechanisms, including …

Even before the sinoatrial node (SAN) was discovered, cardiovascular science was
engaged in an active investigation of when and why the heart would beat. After the …

Cardiac automaticity is set by pacemaker activity of the sinus node (SAN). In addition to the
ubiquitously expressed cardiac voltage-gated L-type Cav1. 2 Ca2+ channel isoform …