The primal affects are intrinsic brain value systems that unconditionally and automatically
inform animals how they are faring in survival. They serve an essential function in emotional …

Appetitive motivation and incentive states are essential functions sustained by a common
emotional brain process, the SEEKING disposition, which drives explorative and approach …

Animal models of depression are certainly needed but the question in the title has been
raised owing to the controversies in the interpretation of the readout in a number of tests, to …

Abstract Beta-endorphin (β-END) is an opioid neuropeptide which has an important role in
the development of hypotheses concerning the non-synaptic or paracrine communication of …

Early life stress is associated with long-term and pervasive adverse effects on
neuroendocrine development, affecting normal cognitive and emotional development …

Mice are increasingly overtaking the rat model organism in important aspects of anxiety
research, including drug development. However, translating the results obtained in mouse …

An increasing number of data support the involvement of disturbances in glucose
metabolism in the pathogenesis of depression. We previously reported that glucose and …

Sex differences have been reported in the susceptibility to early life stress and its
neurobiological correlates in humans and experimental animals. However, most of the …

Mammalian brains contain seven primary-process affective substrates for primal emotional
feelings and behaviors. Scientific labels for these interactive systems are SEEKING, RAGE …

Gender is considered as a pivotal determinant of mental health. Indeed, several psychiatric
disorders such as anxiety and depression are more common and persistent in women than …