In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue
homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of …

The ability of a cell to undergo mitochondrial apoptosis is governed by pro-and anti-
apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family. The equilibrium of pro-versus anti-apoptotic …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumors are maintained by stem-like
memory cells that self-renew but also give rise to effector-like cells. The latter gradually lose …

3-3 proteins are a family of structurally similar phospho-binding proteins that regulate
essentially every major cellular function. Decades of research on 14-3-3s have revealed a …

Apoptosis is a critically important biological process that plays an essential role in cell fate
and homeostasis. An important component of the apoptotic pathway is the family of proteins …

The ability of cancer cells to suppress apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. The BCL2
family proteins comprise the sentinel network that regulates the mitochondrial or intrinsic …

The B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor venetoclax is effective in chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); however, resistance may develop over time. Other lymphoid …

Carcinogenesis is a mechanistically complex and variable process with a plethora of
underlying genetic causes. Cancer development comprises a multitude of steps that occur …

The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-
mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-mTOR) signaling pathways are the chief mechanisms …

Stem cell factor (SCF) is a dimeric molecule that exerts its biological functions by binding to
and activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit leads to its …