Background: Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules that are naturally
produced within biological systems. Research has focused extensively on revealing the …

Skeletal muscle dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and affects both ventilatory and nonventilatory muscle groups. It represents a very …

Oxidative/nitrosative stress, a pervasive condition of increased amounts of reactive
oxygen/nitrogen species, is now recognized to be a prominent feature of many acute and …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most potent and ubiquitous profibrogenic
cytokine, and its expression is increased in almost all the fibrotic diseases and in …

Respiratory and/or limb muscle dysfunction, which are frequently observed in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, contribute to their disease prognosis …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading global causes of
morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of COPD is progressive airflow obstruction primarily …

Muscle dysfunction often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and may involve both respiratory and locomotor (peripheral) muscles. The loss of …

Rationale: Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to muscle dysfunction in patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidants contained in cigarette smoke …