Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Puberty and adolescence are major life transitions during which an individual's physiology
and behavior changes from that of a juvenile to that of an adult. Here we review studies …

Gonadal hormones modulate fear acquisition, but less is known about the influence of
gonadal hormones on fear extinction. We assessed sex differences and the influence of …

BACKGROUND: Men and women differ in their ability to extinguish fear. Fear extinction
requires the activation of brain regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) …

Estrogens exert profound effects on the expression of anxiety in humans and rodents;
however, the directionality of these effects varies considerably within both clinical and …

This review presents evidence for the idea that the expression of estrogen receptor alpha
and beta (ERα and ERβ) interacts with the level of estradiol (E2) to influence the etiology of …

Early life experiences play a key role in brain function and behaviour. Adverse events during
childhood are therefore a risk factor for psychiatric disease during adulthood, such as mood …

Effects of estradiol benzoate (EB), ERα-selective agonist, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and
ERβ-selective agonists, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and Compound 19 (C-19) on memory were …

Summary G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)/G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor is a
novel estrogen membrane receptor that localizes to the cell membrane and endoplasmic …

Abstract In animals, 17-beta-estradiol (E2) enhances hippocampal plasticity in a dose-
dependent, monotonically increasing manner, but this relationship can also exhibit an …