Most animal species consist of two distinct sexes. At the morphological, physiological, and
behavioral levels the differences between males and females are numerous and dramatic …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed elements increasingly recognized for their
roles in regulating gene expression. Thus far, however, we have little understanding of how …

It has long been suggested that dimorphic female-limited Batesian mimicry of two closely
related Papilio butterflies, Papilio memnon and Papilio polytes, is controlled by supergenes …

Evolutionary variation in the wing pigmentation of butterflies and moths offers striking
examples of adaptation by crypsis and mimicry. The cortex locus has been independently …

Oakleaf butterflies in the genus Kallima have a polymorphic wing phenotype, enabling these
insects to masquerade as dead leaves. This iconic example of protective resemblance …

Supergenes are genetic architectures associated with discrete and concerted variation in
multiple traits. It has long been suggested that supergenes control these complex …

In Heliconius butterflies, wing colour pattern diversity and scale types are controlled by a few
genes of large effect that regulate colour pattern switches between morphs and species …

The extent to which evolution is repeatable has been a debated topic among evolutionary
biologists. Although rewinding the tape of life perhaps would not lead to the same outcome …

Background The availability of thousands of genomes has enabled new advancements in
biology. However, many genomes have not been investigated for their quality. Here we …

Hypolimnas misippus is a Batesian mimic of the toxic African Queen butterfly (Danaus
chrysippus). Female H. misippus butterflies use two major wing patterning loci (M and A) to …