Recent developments in frequency metrology and optical clocks have been based on
electronic transitions in atoms and singly charged ions as references. The control over all …

A detailed discussion of the scattering of fast atoms and ions from solid surfaces under a
grazing angle of incidence is presented. Theoretical and experimental results are used to …

This topical review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the formation of
surface nanostructures, an intriguing phenomenon in ion–surface interaction due to the …

This paper reviews some of the fundamental properties of highly charged ions, the methods
of producing them (with particular emphasis on table-top devices), and their use as a tool for …

The impact of a highly charged ion onto a solid gives rise to charge exchange between the
ion and target atoms, so that a slow ion gets neutralized in the vicinity of the surface. Using …

The potential energy stored in multiply charged ions is liberated when the ions recombine
during impact on a solid surface. For certain target species this can lead to a novel form of …

When exposed to ultraintense x-radiation sources such as free electron lasers (FELs) the
innermost electronic shell can efficiently be emptied, creating a transient hollow atom or …

Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the universe and is known to play a significant
role in biological systems. Accordingly, in recent years there has been increased interest in …

Advanced X-ray spectroscopic methods provide unique and critical data to study matter
under extreme environmental conditions induced by high-intensity and high-energy lasers …

The property of a variable charge state makes ions unique to other types of radiation a
material surface can be exposed to. As a consequence of charge exchange between ions …