Humans are an ultrasocial species. This sociality, however, cannot be fully explained by the
canonical approaches found in evolutionary biology, psychology, or economics …

Bacteria often live within matrix-embedded communities, termed biofilms, which are now
understood to be a major mode of microbial life. The study of biofilms has revealed their vast …

Evolvability is the ability of a biological system to produce phenotypic variation that is both
heritable and adaptive. It has long been the subject of anecdotal observations and …

Multicellularity is characterized by cooperation among cells for the development,
maintenance and reproduction of the multicellular organism. Cancer can be viewed as …

Now that so many ecosystems face rapid and major environmental change, the ability of
species to respond to these changes by dispersing or moving between different patches of …

More than a century ago, William Morton Wheeler proposed that social insect colonies can
be regarded as superorganisms when they have morphologically differentiated reproductive …

Eusociality, in which some individuals reduce their own lifetime reproductive potential to
raise the offspring of others, underlies the most advanced forms of social organization and …

Fish travel in schools, birds migrate in flocks, honeybees swarm, and ants build trails. How
and why do these collective behaviors occur? Exploring how coordinated group patterns …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells,
multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation …