During the last decades, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an
indispensable method for probing the structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts …

The notion of metal‐free catalysts is used to refer to carbon materials modified with
nonmetallic elements. However, some claimed metal‐free catalysts are prepared using …

Developing highly efficient, low-cost oxygen reduction catalysts, especially in acidic
medium, is of significance toward fuel cell commercialization. Although pyrolyzed Fe-NC …

Today, most metal and nitrogen doped carbon catalysts for ORR reveal a heterogeneous
composition. This can be reasoned by a nonoptimized precursor composition and various …

A major hurdle to the widespread commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel
cells (PEMFCs) is the high loading of noble metal (Pt/Pt-alloy) catalyst at the cathode, which …

Accelerating the rate-limiting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode remains the
foremost issue for the commercialization of fuel cells. Transition metal–nitrogen–carbon (M …

The addition of transition metals, even in a trace amount, into heteroatom‐doped carbon (M‐
N/C) is intensively investigated to further enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity …

With increasing demand for clean energy and approaching commercialization of polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), replacing expensive Pt-based cathode catalysts …

Due to highly heterogeneity of pyrolyzed transition metal-nitrogen-carbon (MNC) catalyst,
elucidating mechanisms of roles of metal in enhancing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is …

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of development of
transition metal macrocyclic (TMM) complex-based electrocatalysts used in oxygen …