We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

This paper focuses on the challenges, opportunities and future potentials with ammonia as a
carbon-free fuel, and covers recent technological solutions to overcome the barriers with the …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

To reach zero carbon emissions and meet carbon neutrality targets, ammonia is one of the
most promising zero-carbon fuels. However, ammonia escapes significantly when too much …

Oxygen isotope records from Chinese caves characterize changes in both the Asian
monsoon and global climate. Here, using our new speleothem data, we extend the Chinese …

Methane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a
warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well as future shifts in CH4 emissions, have …

High-resolution, easily accessible paleoclimate data are essential for environmental,
evolutionary, and ecological studies. The availability of bioclimatic layers derived from …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …