Rare earth elements (REEs) including fifteen lanthanides, yttrium and scandium are found in
more than 250 minerals, worldwide. REEs are used in various high-tech applications across …

A sustained and guaranteed supply of rare earth (RE) minerals is imperative to a country's
national security to sustain its manufacturing, defence, and high-tech industry sectors …

The decarbonisation of the global economy in response to the climate crisis and the fourth
industrial revolution, featuring artificial intelligence (AI) and 5G networks (massively …

This paper summarizes and evaluates China's policies toward the rare-earth industry from
1975 to 2018. We define five stages over this period and focus on China's purpose, the …

Critical minerals (CMs) such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth metals, are essential to
the development of clean energy technologies, electronics, and defense and space …

Decarbonation of the energy system is required at an unprecedented scale to prevent global
temperatures rising more than 2° C. A suite of low carbon technologies will be required for …

This paper constructs the rare earth industry chain trade networks and geopolitical
relationship networks including cooperation and conflict network, and analyzes the evolution …

Rare earth is a type of strategic resource that is valued by different countries. It is involved in
the recent Sino-US trade friction. China has been attaching great importance to the technical …

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the rare earth elements (REEs) sector,
encompassing their classification, properties, and global distribution, as well as their …

This paper examines economic statecraft in the case of rare-earth elements, of which China
controls over 90% of the world's current supply, and famously cut off exports to Japan during …