The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-
stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Macrophages are one of the first innate immune cells to reach the site of infection or injury.
Diverse functions from the uptake of pathogen or antigen, its killing, and presentation, the …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a widely studied ligand-activated cytosolic
transcriptional factor that has been associated with the initiation and progression of various …

Background The mayhem COVID-19 that was ushered by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared pandemic by the World Health …

Ethnopharmacological relevance The imbalance between M1-and M2-polarized
macrophages is one of the major pathophysiological changes in RA. Therefore, targeted …

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common rhinopathy that affects up to 30% of the adult population. It
is defined as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, develops in allergic individuals, and is …

Background. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and allergen‐specific
immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment. This study aims to evaluate the circulating …

The neonatal immune ontogeny begins during pregnancy to ensure that the neonate is well‐
suited for perinatal life. It prioritizes Th2/M2 and regulatory responses over Th/M1 activity to …

Mast cells (MCs) and macrophages (Mϕs) are innate immune cells that differentiate from
early common myeloid precursors and reside in all body tissues. MCs have a unique …

Background Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an ocular inflammatory disease with symptoms
driven by eosinophils and mast cells. Allergic comorbidities are common. Current treatments …