Over the last decades, an increase in the emergence or re-emergence of arthropod-borne
viruses has been observed in many regions. Viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, or zika …

In June 2006, bluetongue virus, an arboviral pathogen of ruminants, appeared in northern
Europe for the first time, successfully overwintered and subsequently caused substantial …

The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated and concise systematic review on
taxonomy, history, arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, animal disease, and geographic …

A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever
reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype …

Genetic exchange by a process of genome-segment 'reassortment'represents an important
mechanism for evolutionary change in all viruses with segmented genomes, yet in many …

Plant expression systems based on nonreplicating virus‐based vectors can be used for the
simultaneous expression of multiple genes within the same cell. They therefore have great …

Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and
wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and …

In mid September 2008, clinical signs of bluetongue (particularly coronitis) were observed in
cows on three different farms in eastern Netherlands (Luttenberg, Heeten, and Barchem) …

Since 1998, nine bluetongue virus (BTV) strains from serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16 have
invaded Europe, killing> 2 million animals (mainly sheep). Live vaccine strains of BTV-2, 4, 9 …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been produced as candidate vaccines in plants virtually
since the introduction of biofarming. Even today, VLPs remain the best candidates for safe …