Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors playing a fundamental role in
sensing microbial invasion and initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinel receptors of the host innate immune system that
recognize conserved'pathogen-associated molecular patterns' of invading microbes …

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection leads to activation of innate immune response by
triggering Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways resulting in elevated cytokines and type-I …

Objective The pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is multifactorial, and
CLE is difficult to treat due to the heterogeneity of inflammatory processes among patients …

The innate immune system recognizes conserved features of viral and microbial pathogens
through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLR s) are one type of …

Peptide based vaccine that incorporates one or several highly conserved CD8+ T cells
epitopes to induce potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is desirable for some …

Antimalarials are used to treat dermatomyositis (DM) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus
(CLE). Although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is frequently used, addition of quinacrine (QC) …

Introduction: Organisms have evolved a rapid and non-specific way to defend themselves
via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize specific signatures present on invading …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in tumors and the peripheral blood
of cancer patients and demonstrate cancer-promoting activity across multiple tumor types. A …