Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to
augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains …

Over the last 15 years, the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) has been implicated in
various immune outcomes, including the induction and regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 …

Combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 …

Recent studies have reported the pathological effect of ICOS+ T cells, but ICOS signals also
widely participate in anti-inflammatory responses, particularly ICOS+ regulatory T (Treg) …

Summary The B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costlmulatory pathway can provide a signal pivotal for T cell
activation. Signaling through this pathway is complex due to the presence of two 87 family …

Abstract The B7-1/B7-2–CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is crucial in regulating T-cell activation and
tolerance. New B7 and CD28 molecules have recently been discovered and new pathways …

▪ Abstract T cells play a central role in the initiation and regulation of the immune response to
antigen. Both the engagement of the TCR with MHC/Ag and a second signal are needed for …

Abstract Originally published as Nature 397, 263–266; 1999 The T-cell-specific cell-surface
receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 are important regulators of the immune system. CD28 potently …

Summary B7-0 or B7-2 (CD86) is a T cell costimulatory molecule that binds the same
receptors (CD28 and CTLA-4) as B7-1 (CD80), but shares with it only∼ 25% sequence …

Background Effective new therapies are needed for rheumatoid arthritis. Current therapies
target the products of activated macrophages; however, T cells also have an important role …