Purpose This paper covers recent developments and applications of the TOPAS TOol for
PArticle Simulation and presents the approaches used to disseminate TOPAS. Materials and …

The clinical implementation of a variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in proton
therapy is currently controversially discussed. Initial clinical evidence indicates a variable …

In the field of radiation therapy, accurate and robust dose calculation is required. For this
purpose, precise modeling of the irradiation system and reliable computational platforms are …

For the independent validation of treatment plans, we developed a fully automated Monte
Carlo (MC)-based patient dose calculation system with the tool for particle simulation …

A constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 is currently used in clinical proton
therapy. However, the RBE varies with factors such as dose level, linear energy transfer …

In medical physics it is desirable to have a Monte Carlo code that is less complex, reliable
yet flexible for dose verification, optimization, and component design. TOPAS is a newly …

8.1 THE MONTE CARLO METHOD The strategy applied in Monte Carlo methods is to repeat
a certain process many times until the result converges to an expectation value with a …

Proton therapy offers a reduction in dose to normal tissue compared to conventional photon-
based radiotherapy. This is of particular benefit for pediatric patients as the majority are …

Background: Monte Carlo simulation is generally appreciated as an extraordinary technique
to investigate particle physics processes and interactions in nuclear medicine and Radiation …

Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is becoming essential for proton therapy and is
under rapid development. However, for IMPT, the lateral penumbra of the spot-scanning …