Members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of guanine-nucleotide-binding (G)
proteins, including the ARF-like (ARL) proteins and SAR1, regulate membrane traffic and …

Small GTP-binding proteins represent a highly conserved signaling module in eukaryotes
that regulates diverse cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal …

Cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance is central for plant cells. Mechanical and chemical
distortions, pH changes, and breakdown products of cell wall polysaccharides activate …

Abstract The GNOM (GN) Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor for ARF small GTPases
(ARF-GEF) is among the best studied trafficking regulators in plants, playing crucial and …

Small GTPase proteins play essential roles in the regulation of vesicular trafficking systems
in eukaryotic cells. Two types of small GTPases, secretion-associated Ras-related protein …

Approximately one-third of all eukaryotic proteins are delivered to their destination by
trafficking within the endomembrane system. Such cargo proteins are incorporated into …

Many soluble proteins transit through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the prevacuolar
compartment (PVC) en route to the vacuole, but our mechanistic understanding of this …

Defining convergent and divergent mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of
endomembrane organelles is fundamentally important in cell biology. In all eukaryotes, the …

Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently
against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies …

Eukaryotic cells internalize cargo at the plasma membrane via endocytosis, a vital process
that is accomplished through a complex network of endosomal organelles. In mammalian …