I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a highly resistant disease and is challenging to treat.
Patients with recurrent attacks of the disease despite surgical management can benefit from …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease.
Particularly, eosinophilic CRS is often recalcitrant to treatment, so an appropriate animal …

Background Fungal hypersensitivity and fungal microbiome dysbiosis are possible
etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis. The sinus fungal microbiome is not well characterized; …

A case report of recalcitrant allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) refractory to systemic
corticosteroids and multiple functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESSs) treated with anti …

Background Given the differences in pathophysiology between allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
(AFRS) and other chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) subgroups, it remains unclear about whether …

Background Fungus-driven inflammation is proposed to play an important role in the
pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Previous studies evaluated the efficacy of …

Fungi in paranasal sinuses are characteristic and considered a major pathogenic factor in a
subset of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, known as allergic fungal rhinosinusitis …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), both with and without polyps, has an estimated prevalence of
4.9% Æ 0.2%(or 490 in 10,000 people) in the United States. 1, 2 The prevalence of allergic …