Cancer is a dynamic disease. During the course of disease, cancers generally become more
heterogeneous. As a result of this heterogeneity, the bulk tumour might include a diverse …

Cancer is a clonal disorder derived from a single ancestor cell and its progenies that are
positively selected by acquisition of 'driver mutations'. However, the evolution of positively …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is stimulated by diverse oncogenes and growth
factor receptors, and elevated PI3K signaling is considered a hallmark of cancer. Many PI3K …

Intratumor heterogeneity, which fosters tumor evolution, is a key challenge in cancer
medicine. Here, we review data and technologies that have revealed intra-tumor …

Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is a highly intensive immunotherapy regime that has yielded
remarkable response rates and many durable responses in clinical trials in melanoma; …

Cutaneous malignant melanoma (melanoma) is characterized by a high mutational load,
extensive intertumoral and intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, and complex tumor …

Intratumor heterogeneity has been widely reported in human cancers, but our knowledge of
how this genetic diversity emerges over time remains limited. A central challenge in studying …

Melanoma is a cancer that exhibits one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous features.
The incidence rate escalates. A high number of clones harboring various mutations …

Cancer immunotherapy has experienced remarkable advances in recent years. Striking
clinical responses have been achieved for several types of solid cancers (eg melanoma …

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patient-derived xenografts (PDX) can be generated from
biopsies or circulating tumor cells (CTC), though scarcity of tissue and low efficiency of tumor …