Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutic agent for the prevention and
treatment of a wide range of diseases. The recent success of the two highly efficacious …

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections—it either constitutes
the viral genome (in the case of dsRNA viruses) or is generated in host cells during viral …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

A major challenge in cancer vaccine therapy is the efficient delivery of antigens and
adjuvants to stimulate a controlled yet robust tumour-specific T-cell response. Here, we …

INTRODUCTION Plants and animals respond to pathogen invasion through intracellular
nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly interact with pathogen …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra-and extracellular spaces for pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition …

The pre-metastatic niche educated by primary tumor-derived elements contributes to cancer
metastasis. However, the role of host stromal cells in metastatic niche formation and organ …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …