Exceptional times call for exceptional measures—this formula is all too familiar in the
domestic setting. Governments have often played loose with their state's constitution in the …

Abstract The Liberal International Order (LIO) is under pressure from various angles. To
account for this phenomenon, a recent trend is to focus on endogenous sources of …

What should the EU do about the fact that some Member States are backsliding on their
commitments to democracy, supposedly a fundamental value of the EU? The Treaty …

This article focuses on the problem of wilful non‐compliance with EU law and the threat it
poses of (partial) disorderly disintegration within the EU's legal order. Taking the example of …

Since Brexit, there has been increasing interest in democratic theory in the question of the
conditions under which reversals of European integration can be considered legitimate. So …

This article seeks to shed light on the evolution of demand for differentiation in Poland. First,
it argues that since EU accession Poland has moved from instrumental towards quasi …

This commentary analyses the view that the resurgence of nationalism will lead to the return
of the nation-state and an accentuated de-Europeanisation. I argue against this position …

Abstract The European Union (EU) faces a pressing challenge with democratic backsliding
potentially resulting in an authoritarian member state. EU institutions have sought to …

Abstract This EU3D Research Paper tentatively explores ways of applying the differentiation
lens from the EU to the global level of inter-state cooperation. Given the wide scope of this …

This article deals with the problem of the second best in a politically differentiated Europe.
Drawing on Kant's category of permissive law of public right, it establishes the missing link …