Although they were originally defined as haematopoietic-cell growth factors, colony-
stimulating factors (CSFs) have been shown to have additional functions by acting directly …

Septic syndromes represent a major although largely underrecognized healthcare problem
worldwide, accounting for thousands of deaths every year. It is now agreed that sepsis …

Abstract GM-CSF and M-CSF (CSF-1) induce different phenotypic changes in macrophage
lineage populations. The nature, extent, and generality of these differences were assessed …

T cell dysfunction that occurs after surgery or trauma is associated with a poor clinical
outcome. We describe that myeloid suppressor cells expressing CD11b+/Gr-1+ markers …

Apart from their pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens, leukocytes are also
essential for bone repair, as fracture healing is initiated and directed by a physiological …

The application of genome-wide expression analysis to a large-scale, multicentered
program in critically ill patients poses a number of theoretical and technical challenges. We …

Severe sepsis leads to long-term systemic and local immunosuppression, which is the
cause of a number of complications, including pulmonary infection. A therapeutic strategy …

Monocytes give rise to macrophages, osteoclasts (OCs), and dendritic cells (DCs).
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in critical illness and are depleted in spleens from septic
patients and mice. To date, few studies have characterized the systemic effect of sepsis on …

Skin trauma has many different causes including incision, blunt force, and burn. All of these
traumas trigger an immune response. However, it is currently unclear whether the immune …