The concentration and distribution of water in the Earth has influenced its evolution
throughout its history. Even at the trace levels contained in the planet's deep interior (mantle …

This article reviews our current understanding of terrestrial planet formation. The focus is on
computer simulations of the dynamical aspects of the accretion process. Throughout the …

Terrestrial and sub-Neptune planets are expected to form in the inner (less than 10 au)
regions of protoplanetary disks. Water plays a key role in their formation,–, although it is yet …

Earth's water, intrinsic oxidation state and metal core density are fundamental chemical
features of our planet. Studies of exoplanets provide a useful context for elucidating the …

Geothermics is an area of geophysics that studies the thermal state and history of the interior
of the Earth. Solar heat penetrates only into the topmost layers of the Earth's crust. Diurnal …

Earth as an Evolving Planetary System, Fourth Edition discusses key topics dealing with the
evolution and interaction through time of Earth's crust, mantle, core, atmosphere …

The hydrogen-isotope [deuterium/hydrogen (D/H)] ratio of Earth can be used to constrain the
origin of its water. However, the most accessible reservoir, Earth's oceans, may no longer …

Detection of life on other planets requires identification of biosignatures, ie, observable
planetary properties that robustly indicate the presence of a biosphere. One of the most …

This Chapter describes the most important thermal parameters such as conductivity,
capacity, duffusivity and interrelation of these parameters between themselves. Effect of …

The planetary building blocks that formed in the terrestrial planet region were likely very dry,
yet water is comparatively abundant on Earth. Here we review the various mechanisms …