A growing body of research suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolites
produced by intestinal symbiotic bacteria that ferment dietary fibers (DFs), play a crucial role …

Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that
represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products …

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people
worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million …

Lung development and function arises from the interactions between diverse cell types and
lineages. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we characterize the cellular …

Itch is an evolutionarily conserved sensation that facilitates expulsion of pathogens and
noxious stimuli from the skin. However, in organ failure, cancer, and chronic inflammatory …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are regarded as the classical antigen-presenting
cells of the immune system. However, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the …

IL‐6 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the physiology of virtually every organ system.
Recent studies have demonstrated that IL‐6 has a very important role in regulating the …

Innate immunity provides the first line of defence against invading pathogens and provides
important cues for the development of adaptive immunity. Type-2 immunity—responsible for …