Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to
complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are …

Plants use inducible defence mechanisms to fend off harmful organisms. Resistance that is
induced in response to local attack is often expressed systemically, that is, in organs that are …

Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and
response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory …

Plants have evolved various strategies to defend themselves against herbivores and
pathogens. Although some of these strategies are constitutive, ie present at all times, others …

Plant tissues are highly vulnerable to injury by herbivores, pathogens, mechanical stress,
and other environmental insults. Optimal plant fitness in the face of these threats relies on …

In many plants, localized tissue damage elicits an array of systemic defense responses
against herbivore attack. Progress in our understanding of the long-distance signaling …

Forest trees have tremendous economic and ecological value, as well as unique biological
properties of basic scientific interest. The inherent difficulties of experimenting on very large …

The past 15 years have seen a surge of interest in modularity in plants; that is, in the
implications of the fact that plants are composed of repetitive modules that may in some …

Plant volatiles play important roles in signalling between plants and insects, but their role in
communication among plants remains controversial. Previous research on plant–plant …

Plant responses to wounding and herbivore attack are orchestrated by complex signaling
pathways that link the production of chemical and physical signals at the wound site to …