Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use
contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic …

Complementary medicine methods have a long history, but modern medicine has just
recently focused on their possible modes of action. Medicinal leech therapy (MLT) or …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

The emergence of new pathogens and multidrug resistant bacteria is an important public
health issue that requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial …

Anionic antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AAMPs) were first reported in the early 1980s and
since then, have been established as an important part of the innate immune systems of …

The innate immune system is present in all animals and is a crucial first line of defence
against pathogens. However, animals also harbour large numbers of beneficial …

Non-self recognition with the consequent tolerance or immune reaction is a crucial process
to succeed as living organisms. At the same time the interactions between host species and …

Antimicrobial peptides are widely expressed in organisms and have been linked to innate
and acquired immunities in vertebrates. These compounds are constitutively expressed and …

Although many properties of the innate immune system are shared among multicellular
animals, the evolutionary origin remains poorly understood. Here we characterize the innate …

With advancements in genomics, there has been substantial reduction in the cost and time
of genome sequencing and has resulted in lot of data in genome databases. Antimicrobial …