Increased loadings of nitrogen (N) from fertilizers, top soil, sewage, and atmospheric
deposition are important drivers of eutrophication in coastal waters globally. Monitoring …

Phase-shifts from one persistent assemblage of species to another have become
increasingly commonplace on coral reefs and in many other ecosystems due to escalating …

Diseases are major drivers of the deterioration of coral reefs and are linked to major
declines in coral abundance, reef functionality, and reef-related ecosystems services. An …

Most of the Human diseases affecting westernized countries are associated with dysbiosis
and loss of microbial diversity in the gut microbiota. The Western way of life, with a wide use …

Echinoderm mass mortality events shape marine ecosystems by altering the dynamics
among major benthic groups. The sea urchin Diadema antillarum, virtually extirpated in the …

Caribbean reef corals have experienced unprecedented declines from climate change,
anthropogenic stressors and infectious diseases in recent decades. Since 2014, a highly …

Anomalously high water temperatures, associated with climate change, are increasing the
global prevalence of coral bleaching, coral diseases, and coral-mortality events. Coral …

Infectious diseases are common in marine environments, but the effects of a changing
climate on marine pathogens are not well understood. Here we review current knowledge …

The worldwide decline of coral reefs calls for an urgent reassessment of current
management practices. Confronting large-scale crises requires a major scaling-up of …

This article identifies ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems, with special
emphasis on how they are generated. Goods are divided into renewable resources and reef …