Manganese (Mn) is an important micronutrient for plant growth and development and
sustains metabolic roles within different plant cell compartments. The metal is an essential …

Copper (Cu) is an essential mineral nutrient for the proper growth and development of
plants; it is involved in myriad morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes …

Soilless cultivation represent a valid opportunity for the agricultural production sector,
especially in areas characterized by severe soil degradation and limited water availability …

Cadmium is a non-essential trace metal, which is highly toxic to nearly all living organisms.
Soil pollution causes Cd contamination of crops, thereby rendering plant products …

Cobalt is a transition metal located in the fourth row of the periodic table and is a neighbor of
iron and nickel. It has been considered an essential element for prokaryotes, human beings …

Many trace metals are essential micronutrients, but also potent toxins. Due to natural and
anthropogenic causes, vastly different trace metal concentrations occur in various habitats …

An increase in technological interventions and ruthless urbanization in the name of
development has deteriorated our environment over time and caused the buildup of heavy …

Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost all living organisms because of it plays critical
role in metabolic processes such as DNA synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis …

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are toxic elements that are almost ubiquitously present
at low levels in the environment because of anthropogenic influences. Dietary intake of plant …

Most of the heavy metals (HMs), and metals/metalloids are released into the nature either by
natural phenomenon or anthropogenic activities. Being sessile organisms, plants are …