Background Managing stress and having good quality sleep are inter-related factors that are
essential for health, and both factors seem to be affected by physical activity. Although there …

Early life gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized as major contributors to short
and/or long-term human health and diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure
long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in …

The review synthesised evidence examining the association between a. loneliness with
inflammation and b. social isolation with inflammation in adults aged 16 or older from the …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window
into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

Sex differences may play a critical role in modulating how chronic or heavy alcohol use
impacts the brain to cause the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD is a …