Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication
cycle and mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation …

Abstract Purpose of Review Women remain disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS
pandemic. The primary mechanism for HIV acquisition in women is sexual transmission, yet …

Background Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) can successfully suppress human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral replication and reconstruct immune function …

Background Biological sex and the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) modulate human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. Few women have enrolled in clinical trials of latency …

Of the 38 million people currently living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1),
women, especially adolescents and young women, are disproportionally affected by the HIV …

Objective: Despite lower plasma HIV RNA levels, women progress faster to AIDS than men.
The reasons for these differences are not clear but might be a consequence of an elevated …

Background Although sex hormones are recognized to induce immune variations, the effect
of hormonal therapy use on immunity is only poorly understood. Here, we quantified how …

Background Biological sex plays an integral role in the immune response to various
pathogens. The underlying basis for these sex differences is still not well defined. Here, we …

African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease caused by the African swine fever
virus (ASFV), seriously endangering the global pig industry. ASFV possesses a large …

HIV-1 subtypes have distinct geographical distributions, with subtypes A, C, and D and inter-
subtype recombinants circulating in sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, individuals living with …