B cell subsets differ in development, tissue distribution, and mechanisms of activation. In
response to infections, however, all can differentiate into extrafollicular plasmablasts that …

ABSTRACT Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASVs) have been constructed
to deliver antigens from other pathogens to induce immunity to those pathogens in …

The adaptors DOCK8 and MyD88 have been linked to serological memory. Here we report
that DOCK8-deficient patients had impaired antibody responses and considerably fewer …

Recent studies have revealed that innate immunity is involved in the development of
adaptive immune responses; however, its role in protection is not clear. In order to elucidate …

TLR4 stimulation by lipopolysaccharide can cause both MAL/MyD88-and TRAM/TRIF (Toll
IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNβ)-dependent signaling events …

This study was designed to investigate whether secretory-IgA (S-IgA) Abs induced by a
pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-based nasal vaccine are necessary for prevention …

The external part of the eye shares mucosa-associated common characteristics and is an
obvious entry site for foreign Ags. We assessed the potential of eyedrop vaccination for …

Developing effective mucosal subunit vaccine for the Streptococcus pneumoniae has been
unsuccessful mainly because of their poor immunogenicity with insufficient memory T and B …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), composed of lipid A, core, and O-antigen, is a major virulence
factor of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, with lipid A being a major stimulator to …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-1 is a well-known cytokine for the initiation of innate immunity in
bacterial infection. However, the underlying mechanism of IL-1 on the respiratory infection is …