Few sociologists treat housing as a key independent variable, despite the emergence of
disparate bodies of research analyzing how housing affects outcomes that traditionally …

The emptying and transport of faecal sludge (FS) is a fundamental aspect of the sanitation
service chain and is mostly carried out by private operators who usually face a lot of …

The improvement of sanitation conditions in slums (1) is difficult in part because of economic
and institutional environments that often prevent private or public investment in …

Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) missed the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
sanitation target by a wide margin. However, there are a few African countries which made …

Sanitation research focuses primarily on containing human waste and preventing disease;
thus, it has traditionally been dominated by the fields of environmental engineering and …

Container-Based Sanitation (CBS) has rapidly progressed from its inception less than a
decade ago to its recent classification as a type of improved sanitation facility by the Joint …

Rural toilet retrofitting (RTR) is a complex, dynamic system that is affected by many factors
and the positive/negative feedback relationships between subsystems and variables …

The toilets used most in informal urban settlements have detrimental consequences for the
environment and human health due to the lack of proper collection and treatment of toilet …

Accounting for peri-urban sanitation poses a unique challenge due to its high density,
unplanned stature, with limited space and funding for conventional sanitation instalment. To …

Kigali, Rwanda lacks a centralized sewer system, which leaves residents to choose between
on-site options; the majority of residents in informal settlements use pit latrines as their …