Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the
retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and …

Tobacco and alcohol use are leading causes of mortality that influence risk for many
complex diseases and disorders. They are heritable, and etiologically related, behaviors that …

Insomnia is a common disorder linked with adverse long-term medical and psychiatric
outcomes. The underlying pathophysiological processes and causal relationships of …

Sleep is considered essential for the brain and body. A predominant concept is that sleep is
regulated by circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis, processes that were posited to be …

Molecules involved in innate immunity affect sleep and circadian oscillators and vice versa.
Sleep-inducing inflammatory molecules are activated by increased waking activity and …

Skeletal muscle is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and a potent coordinator of
exercise-induced adaptations in other organs including the liver, fat or the brain. Skeletal …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes
determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The …

Wakefulness is driven by the widespread release of neuromodulators by the ascending
arousal system. Yet, it is unclear how these substances orchestrate state-dependent, global …