Virus-like particles (VLPs) have become key tools in biology, medicine and even
engineering. After their initial use to resolve viral structures at the atomic level, VLPs were …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are viral structural protein that are noninfectious as they do not
contain viral genetic materials. They are safe and effective immune stimulators and play …

Vaccines are the cornerstone of infectious disease control and prevention. The outbreak of
SARS-CoV-2 has confirmed the urgent need for a new approach to the design of novel …

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology in recent years has opened new avenues of
investigation for biomedical sciences. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are formulated from plant …

With technological advancements enabling globalization, the intercontinental transmission
of pathogens has become much easier. Respiratory viruses are one such group of …

mRNA based vaccines against COVID-19 have proven most successful at keeping SARS-
CoV-2 pandemic at bay in many countries. Recently, there is an increased interest in …

Background Virus-like particles are an interesting vector platform for vaccine development.
Particularly, Hepatitis B virus core antigen has been used as a promising VLP platform. It is …

Self-assembling nanoparticles (saNP) and nanofibers were found in the recombinant
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, RBD and N proteins purified by affinity chromatography …

Vaccines are one of the most effective medical interventions, playing a pivotal role in treating
infectious diseases. Although traditional vaccines comprise killed, inactivated, or live …

T help (Th), stimulation of toll-like receptors (pathogen-associated molecular patterns,
PAMPs), and antigen organization and repetitiveness (pathogen-associated structural …