The transformative success of antibodies targeting the PD-1 (programmed death 1)/B7-H1
(B7 homolog 1) pathway (anti-PD therapy) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However …

The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has now been universally
acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in tumor therapy after the targeted treatment of …

Interleukins and associated cytokines serve as the means of communication for innate and
adaptive immune cells as well as non-immune cells and tissues. Thus, interleukins have a …

Abstract PD-1 blockade unleashes CD8 T cells, including those specific for mutation-
associated neoantigens (MANA), but factors in the tumour microenvironment can inhibit …

Cancer and chronic infections induce T cell exhaustion, a hypofunctional fate carrying
distinct epigenetic, transcriptomic and metabolic characteristics. However, drivers of …

In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

Since their discovery almost two decades ago, interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T cells (TH17
cells) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory …

The T cell infiltrates that are formed in human cancers are a modifier of natural disease
progression and also determine the probability of clinical response to cancer …

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing
complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or …

Inflammation predisposes to the development of cancer and promotes all stages of
tumorigenesis. Cancer cells, as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells, engage …