The approach taken in this chapter stresses the broader functional aspects of brachyuran
morphology and anatomy, and particularly how complex patterns of evolution have allowed …

The phylum M ollusca is highly speciose, and is the largest phylum in the marine realm. The
great majority of molluscs are shelled, including nearly all bivalves, most gastropods and …

Plants produce a wide range of allelochemicals to defend against herbivore attack, and
generalist herbivores have evolved mechanisms to avoid, sequester, or detoxify a broad …

Coloration is one of the most conspicuous traits that varies among organisms. Carotenoid
pigments are responsible for many of the red, orange, and yellow colors in the natural world …

Crustaceans are cultured extensively around the world in intensive farming systems. High‐
performance formulated feeds have been developed for crustacean aquaculture, which are …

Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family,
has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical …

The colorful carotenoid pigments are known as biological active compounds that have
beneficial effects on the metabolism of animals and humans. Carotenoids provide protection …

Green alga Haematococcus pluvialis is an important source of natural astaxanthin (Ast),
which have been shown to be beneficial for the color formulation, survival, antioxidation …

Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among
other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans …

Carotenoid-based coloration has attracted much attention in evolutionary biology owing to
its role in honest, condition-dependent signalling. Knowledge of the genetic pathways that …