Tumors are one of the main causes of death in humans. The development of safe and
effective methods for early diagnosis and treatment of tumors is a difficult problem that needs …

Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating
becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient …

Tumor vaccines that induce effective and sustained antitumor immunity are highly promising
for cancer therapy. However, the antitumor potential of these vaccines is weakened due to …

Chronic inflammation increases the risk of several cancers, including gastric, colon, and
hepatic cancers. Conversely, tumors, similar to tissue injury, trigger an inflammatory …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells and surrounding non-tumor
stromal cells, mainly including tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), endothelial cells …

Tumor-associated macrophages have emerged as crucial factors for metastases. Microglia
are indispensable components of the brain microenvironment and play vital roles in brain …

Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are
among the most important and abundant players of the tumor microenvironment. CAFs as …

Cancer immunotherapies have rapidly changed the therapeutic landscape for cancer.
Nevertheless, most of the patients show innate or acquired resistance to these therapies …

Tissue engineering has produced innovative tools for cancer research. 3D cancer models
based on molecularly designed biomaterials aim to harness the dimensionality and …

Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), at the core of immunosuppressive cells
and cytokines networks, play a crucial role in tumor immune evasion. Increasing evidences …