Traits are inherent properties of organisms, but how are they defined for organismal
networks such as mycorrhizal symbioses? Mycorrhizal symbioses are complex and diverse …

Global climate change has increased average environmental temperatures world-wide,
simultaneously intensifying temperature variability and extremes. Growing numbers of …

Bergmann's and Allen's rules state that endotherms should be larger and have shorter
appendages in cooler climates. However, the drivers of these rules are not clear. Both rules …

A great number of butterfly species in the warmer climate have evolved to exhibit fascinating
optical properties on their wing scales which can both regulate the wing temperature and …

Biologists have long noted that endotherms tend to have larger bodies (Bergmann's rule)
and shorter appendages (Allen's rule) in colder environments. Nevertheless, many …

Quantifying environment–morphology relationships is important not only for understanding
the fundamental processes driving phenotypic diversity within and among species but also …

Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's
rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each …

Thermal ecology and mate competition are both pervasive features of ecological adaptation.
A surge of recent work has uncovered the diversity of ways in which temperature affects …

Aim A decline in body size has been proposed as a universal response to global warming,
but this is often questioned. We describe and characterize recent morphological changes in …

Biological rules describe general morphological, structural and genetic patterns within and
across species. Within these, ecogeographical rules correlate phenotypic variation of …