Abstract Context The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines panel on upper
urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has updated the guidelines to aid clinicians in …

Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis.
Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways …

Background No new agent has improved overall survival in patients with unresectable or
metastatic urothelial carcinoma when added to first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy …

Background No treatment has surpassed platinum-based chemotherapy in improving
overall survival in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic …

Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has
resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy
(ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was …

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), also described as bladder cancer, is the 10th most common
cancer type worldwide, with an estimated 549 000 new cases and 200 000 deaths in 2018 …

Genomic instability is the hallmark of various cancers with the increasing accumulation of
DNA damage. The application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is …

Summary Background PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are active in metastatic urothelial
carcinoma, but positive randomised data supporting their use as a first-line treatment are …