Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) comprise a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which
mediate the physiological actions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes have been …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses
worldwide which impairs the social functioning of the afflicted patients. Astrocytes promote …

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain.
In the past, there has been a major research drive focused on the dysfunction of the …

Despite continuous advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of
hyperexcitable networks and lowered seizure thresholds, the treatment of epilepsy remains …

Adenosine receptor subtypes, first described 40 years ago, are known to regulate diverse
biological functions and have a role in various conditions, such as cerebral and cardiac …

Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and
dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive …

Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour.
It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known by its stimulant …