The human skeleton has remarkable regenerative properties, being one of the few
structures in the body that can heal by recreating its normal cellular composition, orientation …

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) exists naturally as an important component of the extracellular matrix
(ECM) in the human body. In recent decades, HA has been widely used in bone …

Currently, the clinical treatment of critical bone defects attributed to various causes remains
a great challenge, and repairing these defects with synthetic bone substitutes is the most …

The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

Synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics represent the most widely used biomaterials
for bone regenerative treatments due to their biological performance that is characterized by …

The biology of fracture healing is a complex biological process that follows specific
regenerative patterns and involves changes in the expression of several thousand genes …

Novel tissue regeneration strategies are constantly being developed worldwide. Research
on bone regeneration is noteworthy, as many promising new approaches have been …

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family forms a group of three isoforms, TGF‐β1,
TGF‐β2, and TGF‐β3, with their structure formed by interrelated dimeric polypeptide chains …

The controlled delivery of growth factors and cells within biomaterial carriers can enhance
and accelerate functional bone formation. The carrier system can be designed with pre …